dc.description.abstract |
Tillage is the physical manipulation of soil with tools and equipment to
achieve good tilth for enhanced seed generation and subsequent crop growth. A
spading machine works as an alternative to the plough for primary tillage. There are
limitations in manual spading and tractor operated spading in small and marginal
fields. Manual spading needs more labour, takes longer time, more energy and high
cost per cultivable area. The depth of cut is also low while using a manual spade.
Tractor operated spading machines have their own set of limitations in small fields,
and their cost was also out of reach for small and marginal farmers. These factors lead
to the development of a spading machine as an attachment to power tiller. A power
tiller (6.7 kW) was selected as a prime mover for the spading machine. The developed
spading machine consists of gear box, power transmission system, frame, crank shaft,
connecting rod, spade and depth gauge wheel. A laboratory model of spading machine
was fabricated and tested to finalize the optimum machine parameters for the
development of new spading machine.
The actual field capacity of power tiller operated spading machine was 0.1132
ha h-1 which is higher than the traditional method (0.008 ha h-1
). Overall, the
maximum field efficiency 87 per cent was achieved at the forward speed of 2.1 km h1
, when the depth of cut was 10 cm at 30° spade angle and 200 rpm crankshaft speed.
It was observed that the actual field capacity and field efficiency of spading machine
increased with increase in forward speed and was higher with trapezoidal shape blade
than triangular blade since it covers more area per unit time. The maximum clod mean
weight diameter of 15 mm was recorded at a forward speed of 1.5 km h−1 with
crankshaft speed 100 rpm. The minimum draft requirement and fuel consumption of
spading machine were 820 N and 0.87 l h-1 recorded at a forward speed of 1.5 km h−1
with 10 cm depth of cut.
The minimum heart rate of 95 beats min-1 was recorded at 1.5 km h-1
forward
speed of power tiller and the maximum heart rate 125 beats min-1 was observed at 2.1
km h-1
forward speed of the power tiller. A significant variation in energy expenditure
of spading operation was noticed at 5 per cent level with different forward speeds.
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Minimum energy expenditure rate of 12.26 kJ min-1 was obtained at 1.5 km h-1
forward speed of the power tiller and the maximum energy expenditure rate 21.82 kJ
min-1 was noted at 2.1 km h-1
forward speed respectively. The grade of work was
“moderately heavy” for power tiller operated spading machine and ‘heavy” for
traditional method. Maximum aerobic capacity of subjects varied from 1.75 to 2.08 l
min-1
. The mean values of AWL (VO2 Max) for all subjects varied from 40 to 47 per
cent indicated that the spading machine could not be operated continuously for 8
hours without frequent rest pauses.
The overall discomfort rating was 4.6, 5.1 and 5.7 at 1.5, 1.8 and 2.1 km h-1
respectively and it was scaled as “moderate discomfort”. Overall safety rating was
scaled as “moderately secure and less fear”. Overall ease of operation rating was
scaled as “Less difficulty” with a score of 4, 4.3 and 4.6 at forward speeds of 1.5, 1.8
and 2.1 km h-1
respectively. It was observed that the, body part discomfort score was
maximum for 2.1 km h-1 with a score of 43 followed by 1.8 km h-1 with a score of 33
while it was minimum at 1.5 km h-1 with a score of 25. The rest time for achieve
functional effectiveness during the operation of power tiller operated spading machine
was found to the 10 min followed by one hour of work. The noise level was recorded
for different engine speeds, varied from 86 dB at the operator ear level to 102 dB at
the engine top. The vibration level was recorded for different engine speeds, varied
from 11 m s-2
at right handle to 37.6 m s-2
at engine top. The cost of prototype of
power tiller operated spading machine was worked out as Rs. 50,000/-. The cost of
operation per hour and hectare was determined as Rs.335/- and Rs. 3,316/-
respectively. The breakeven point, payback period and benefit cost ratio of the
machine is 93 h year-1
, 3.5 years and 2.1:1 respectively. The saving cost of operation
of machine was calculated as Rs. 6,884 ha-1
and 67.5 per cent when compared to
conventional method of spading operation. |
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